computer se related A se Z tak full form

 COMPUTER Full Form

A to Z Computer related Full Forms with Abbreviations

A

ADSL – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port

ALI – Acer Labs, Incorporated

ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit

AMD – Advanced Micro Devices

APC – American Power Conversion

ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASIC – Application Specific Integrated Circuit

ASPI – Advanced SCSI Programming Interface

AT – Advanced Technology

ATI – ATI Technologies Inc.

ATX – Advanced Technology Extended

B

BFG – BFG Technologies

BIOS – Basic Input Output System

BNC – Barrel Nut Connector

C

COMPUTER – Common Operating Machine particularly Used For Tade, Education and Research.
CAS – Column Address Signal

CD – Compact Disk

CDR – Compact Disk Recorder

CDRW – Compact Disk ReWriter

CD-ROM – Compact Disk - Read Only Memory

CFM – Cubic Feet per Minute

CMOS – Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

CPU – Central Processing Unit

CTX – CTX Technology Corporation

D

DDR – Double Data Rate

DDR-SDRAM – Double Data Rate - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

DFI – DFI Inc. Design for Innovation

DIMM – Dual Inline Memory Module

DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory

DPI – Dots Per Inch

DSL – See ASDL

DVD – Digital Versatile Disc

DVD-RAM – Digital Versatile Disk - Random Access Memory

E

ECC – Error Correction Code

ECS – Elitegroup Computer Systems

EDO – Extended Data Out

EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

EVGA – EVGA Corporation

F

FC-PGA – Flip Chip Pin Grid Array

FDC – Floppy Disk Controller

FDD – Floppy Disk Drive

FPS – Frame Per Second

FPU – Floating Point Unit

FSAA – Full Screen Anti Aliasing

FS – For Sale

FSB – Front Side Bus

G

GB – Gigabytes

GBps – Gigabytes per second or Gigabits per second

GDI – Graphical Device Interface

GHz – GigaHertz

H

HDD – Hard Disk Drive

HIS – Hightech Information System Limited

HP – Hewlett-Packard Development Company

HSF – Heatsink Fan

I

IBM – International Business Machines Corporation

IC – Integrated Circuit

IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics

IFS- Item for Sale

IRQ – Interrupt Request

ISA – Industry Standard Architecture

ISO – International Standards Organization

J

JBL – JBL, Jame B. Lansing., Speakers

JVC – JVC Company of America

K

Kbps – Kilobits Per Second

KBps – KiloBytes per second

L

LG – LG Electronics

LAN – Local Area Network

LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

LDT – Lightning Data Transport

LED – Light Emitting Diode

M

MAC – Media Access Control

MB  – MotherBoard or Megabyte

MBps – Megabytes Per Second

Mbps – Megabits Per Second or Megabits Per Second

MHz – MegaHertz

MIPS – Million Instructions Per Second

MMX – Multi Media Extensions

MSI – Micro Star International

N

NAS – Network Attached Storage

NAT – Network Address Translation

NEC – NEC Corporation

NIC – Network Interface Card

O

OC – Over Clock

OCZ – OCZ Technology

OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturer

P

PC – Personal Computer

PCB – Printed Circuit Board

PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect

PDA – Personal Digital Assistant

PCMCIA – Peripheral Component Microchannel Interconnect Architecture

PGA – Professional Graphics Array

PLD – Programmable Logic Device

PM – Private Message or Private Messaging

PnP – Plug ‘n Play

PNY – PNY Technology

POST – Power On Self Test

PPPoA – Point to Point Protocol over ATM

PPPoE – Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet

PQI – PQI Corporation

PSU – Power Supply Unit

R

RAID – Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

RAM – Random Access Memory

RAMDAC – Random Access Memory Digital Analog Convertor

RDRAM – Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory

ROM – Read Only Memory

RPM – Revolutions Per Minute

S

SASID – Self scanned Amorphous Silicon Integrated Display

SCA – SCSI Configured Automatically

SCSI – Small Computer System Interface

SDRAM – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

SECC – Single Edge Contact Connector

SODIMM – Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module

SPARC – Scalable Processor ArChitecture

SOHO – Small Office Home Office

SRAM – Static Random Access Memory

SSE – Streaming SIMD Extensions

SVGA – Super Video Graphics Array

S/PDIF – Sony or Philips Digital Interface

T

TB – Terabytes

TBps – Terabytes per second

Tbps – Terabits per second

TDK – TDK Electronics

TEC – Thermoelectric Cooler

TPC – TipidPC

TWAIN – Technology Without An Important Name

U

UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver or Transmitter

USB – Universal Serial Bus

UTP – Unshieled Twisted Pair

V

VCD – Video CD

VPN – Virtual Private Network

W

WAN – Wide Area Network

WTB – Want to Buy

WYSIWYG – What You See Is What You Get

X

XGA – Extended Graphics Array

XFX – XFX Graphics, a Division of Pine

XMS – Extended Memory Specification

XT – Extended Technology

Krashi ki important Jankari

आँवले मे कसैलापन - *टैनिन*
बादाम मे कडुवाहट - *एमाइलेडिन*
पपीता मे पीला रँग - *केरिक्जेन्थिन*
मिर्च मे चरपराहाट - *केप्सेसिन*
खीरे मे कडुवाहट - *कुकुर बिटेसिन*
करेले मे कडुवाहट - *मेमोर्डिकोसाइट*
टमाटर मे लाल रंग - *लाइकोपिन*
प्याज मे लाल रंग - *एन्थोसाइनिन*
प्याज मे पीला रंग - *क्वेरसिटीन*
हल्दी मे पीला रंग - *कुरकुमिन*
गाजर मे नारँगी रंग - *कैरोटिन*
बेल मे कडुवाहट - *मार्मोलोत्सिन*
पीपर मे कडुवाहट - *ओलिमोरेसिन*
मूली मे तीखापन - *आइसोसाइनेट*
शलजम मे चरपराहट - *कैल्शियम आँक्सलेट*
पीपर मे गंध - *ओलियोरेसिन*
आलू मे हरा रंग - *सोलेनिन*
मिर्च मे लाल रंग - *कैप्सेनथिन*
गाजर मे लाल रंग - *एन्थोसायनिन*
तिलहनों के तेल मे पीला रंग - *कैराटिनाइज्ड*

   ​​ *❒ pH मान [ pH value ]*
     ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
1.जल का  pH मान कितना होता है = *7*

2 . दूध का PH मान कितना होता है  = *6.4*

3.सिरके  का PH कितना होता है = *3*

4.मानव रक्त का pH मान  = *7.4*

5. नीबू  के रस का pH मान = *2.4*

6 . NaCl का pH मान = *7*

7. pH पैमाने का पता किसने लगाया  = *सारेन्सन ने*

8. pH मूल्यांक क्या दर्शाता = *किसी घोल का अम्लीय  या क्षारीय होना*

9. अम्लीय घोल का pH मान कितना होता है = *7 से कम*

10. उदासिन घोल का pH मान = *7*

11. शराब का pH मान = *2.8*

12. किसी व्यक्ति के रक्त के pH मान में कितना परिवर्तन होने पर मत्यु हो जाती है = *0.2*

13. मानव मूत्र का pH मान = *4.8 - 8.4*

14. समुद्री जल का pH मान = *8.5*

15.आँसू का pH मान = *7.4*

16. मानव लार का pH मान = *6.5 - 7.5*

*[फल/फुल/सब्जी आदि का वैज्ञानिक नाम]*
.
1.मनुष्य---होमो सैपियंस
2.मेढक---राना टिग्रिना
3.बिल्ली---फेलिस डोमेस्टिका
4.कुत्ता---कैनिस फैमिलियर्स
5.गाय---बॉस इंडिकस
6.भैँस---बुबालस बुबालिस
7.बैल---बॉस प्रिमिजिनियस टारस
8.बकरी---केप्टा हिटमस
9.भेँड़---ओवीज अराइज
10.सुअर---सुसस्फ्रोका डोमेस्टिका
11.शेर---पैँथरा लियो
12.बाघ---पैँथरा टाइग्रिस
13.चीता---पैँथरा पार्डुस
14.भालू---उर्सुस मैटिटिमस कार्नीवेरा
15.खरगोश---ऑरिक्टोलेगस कुनिकुलस
16.हिरण---सर्वस एलाफस
17.ऊँट---कैमेलस डोमेडेरियस
18.लोमडी---कैनीडे
19.लंगुर---होमिनोडिया
20.बारहसिँघा---रुसर्वस डूवासेली
21.मक्खी---मस्का डोमेस्टिका
22.आम---मैग्नीफेरा इंडिका
23.धान---औरिजया सैटिवाट
24.गेहूँ---ट्रिक्टिकम एस्टिवियम
25.मटर---पिसम सेटिवियम
26.सरसोँ---ब्रेसिका कम्पेस्टरीज
27.मोर---पावो क्रिस्टेसस
28.हाथी---एफिलास इंडिका
29.डॉल्फिन---प्लाटेनिस्टा गैँकेटिका
30.कमल---नेलंबो न्यूसिफेरा गार्टन
31.बरगद---फाइकस बेँधालेँसिस
32.घोड़ा---ईक्वस कैबेलस
33.गन्ना---सुगरेन्स औफिसीनेरम
34.प्याज---ऑलियम सिपिया
35.कपास---गैसीपीयम
36.मुंगफली---एरैकिस हाइजोपिया
37.कॉफी---कॉफिया अरेबिका
38.चाय---थिया साइनेनिसस
39.अंगुर---विटियस
40.हल्दी---कुरकुमा लोँगा
41.मक्का---जिया मेज
42.टमाटर---लाइकोप्रेसिकन एस्कुलेँटम
43.नारियल---कोको न्यूसीफेरा
44.सेब---मेलस प्यूमिया/डोमेस्टिका
45.नाशपाती---पाइरस क्यूमिनिस
46.केसर---क्रोकस सैटिवियस
47.काजू---एनाकार्डियम अरोमैटिकम
48.गाजर---डाकस कैरोटा
49.अदरक---जिँजिबर ऑफिसिनेल
50.फुलगोभी---ब्रासिका औलिरेशिया
51.लहसून---एलियम सेराइवन
52.बाँस---बेँबुसा स्पे
53.बाजरा---पेनिसिटम अमेरीकोनम
54.लालमिर्च---कैप्सियम एनुअम
55.कालीमिर्च---पाइपर नाइग्रम
56बादाम---प्रुनस अरमेनिका
57.इलायची---इलिटेरिया कोर्डेमोमम
58.केला---म्यूजा पेराडिसिएका
59.मुली---रेफेनस सैटाइविस
60.जामुन---शायजियम क्यूमिनी

Agriculture related all revolution

• Black Revolution – Petroleum Production

• Blue Revolution – Fish Production

• Brown Revolution – Leather/non-conventional(India)/Cocoa production

• Golden Fibre Revolution – Jute Production

• Golden Revolution – Fruits/Overall Horticulture development/Honey Production

• Green Revolution – Food grains

• Grey Revolution – Fertilizer

• Pink Revolution – Onion production/Pharmaceutical (India) /Prawn production

• Red Revolution – Meat & Tomato Production

• Round Revolution – Potato

• Silver Fiber Revolution – Cotton

• Silver Revolution – Egg/Poultry Production

• White Revolution (In India: Operation Flood) – Milk/Dairy production

• Yellow Revolution – Oil Seeds production

• Evergreen Revolution – Overall development of Agriculture

Causes of colour / Butterness in fruits / vegetables

1. Yellow colour in papaya is due to : caricaxanthin

2. Redness of apple due to : anthocyanin

3.Red colour in tomato is due to : lycopine

4. Red colour in chilli due to: capcyanthin

5. Pungency in chilli is due to : capsaicin

6. Orange colour in carrot is due to : carotene

7. Red colour in carrot is due to : Anthocyanin

8. Yellow colour in turmeric is due to  : curcumin

9. Butterness in butter gourd is due to  : memordicocite

10. Butterness in cucumber is due to  : cucurbitacine

11. Yellow colour in onion is due to : Quercetin

12. Red colour in Onion is due to : Anthocyanin

13. Pungency in onion is due to : Allyl propyl di- sulphide

14. Pungency in Raphanus is due to : Isocynete

15. Pungency in mustard is due to :  glucosilates

16. Pungency in garlic due to : alycine/ amino  acid

17. Green colour in potato tuber is due to : solanin

18. Sour taste of  gram leaves is due to : malic / oxalic acid

19.

General agriculture

About to Indian agriculture

1. Geographical area of India is : 328.74 mha

2. Total reporting area of India is : 306 mha

3. Total degraded area of India is : 187 mha

4. Gross cropped area of India is : 193 mha

5. Gross irrigated area of India is : 76 mha

6. Net irrigated area of India is : 57 mha

7. Net cropped area of India is : 141 mha

8. Cropping intensity of India is : 135 %

9. Forest area of India is : 20.4 % of  total geographical area

10. State having highest geographical in India : Rajasthan

11. The state which is 2nd in geographical area : MP( madhay Pradesh)

12. Highest forest area in the state : MP ( Madhya Pradesh )

Bharat ke famous shahron ke baare me samanay jaankari

Geographical aliases of cities and states of India .................................................. ... 1. Hometown of India - Prayag

2. Land of Five Rivers - Panjab

3. City of Seven Islands- Mumbai

4. City of Weavers- Panipat

5. City of Space Bangalore

6. Diamond Harbor - Colcata

7. Electronic city-Bangalore

8. City of festivals - Madurai

9. City of Golden Temple- AmritStar

10. City of palaces Kolkata

11. City of Nawabs- Lucknow

12. Steel City - Jamshedpur

13. Queen of Mountains - Miss

14. City of rallies- New Delhi

15. India's gateway to Mumbai

16. East of Venice- Kochi

17. India's Pittsburgh-Jamshidpur

18. Manchester of India- Ahmedabad

19. Spices Garden - Kerala

20. Gulabi Nagar- Jaipur

21. Queen of Deacon - Pune

22. India's Hollywood - Mumbai

23. City of Lakes - Srinagar

24. Paradise of trees - Sikkim

25. Hill's Mallika - Niratahat

26. India's Detroit-Pithampur

27. East Paris-Jaipur

28. Salt City- Gujarat

29. Soya Pradesh - Madhya Pradesh

30. Country of Malay- Karnataka

31. Ganga-Kaveri of South India

32. Black River - Sharda

33. Blue Mountain - Nilgiri Hills

34. Asian basket basket - Andhra Region

35. The heart of Rajasthan - Ajmer

36. Surma Nagari - Bareilly

37. City of Khusmas - Kannauj

38. Sister of Kashi - Gajipur

39. Lichichi City - Dehradun

40. Shimla of Rajasthan - Mount Abu

41. Gems of Karnataka - Mysore

42. Queen of the Arabian Sea - Kochi

43. India's Switzerland-Kashmir

44. Former Scotland - Meghalaya

45. Manchester of North India - Kanpur

46. ​​City of temples and ghats - Varanasi

47. Paddy daliya- Chhattisgarh

48. India's Paris-Jaipur

49. Home of Megha - Meghalaya

50. City of Gardens- Kapurthala

51. Paradise of earth - Srinagar

52. City of mountains- Dungarpur

53. Park of India - Bengaluru

54. Boston of India - Ahmedabad

55. Golden City - Amrit Sagar

56. Capital of cotton textiles - Mumbai

57. Holy River -Ganga

58. The bereaved of Bihar

59. Old Ganges- Godavari

60. Fountain and Mountain City - Udaipur

61. Silk City-Bhagalpur.Bihar

62. Gautam Buddha-Bihar.

63. Mahavir Jain-  Bihar

Agriculture General knowledge

General Agriculture (Memory based)

1. Which one of the following is not a legume crop?
(A)Wheat (B) Peas
(C) Beans (D) Groundnut

2. Total cultivated area in India is close to
(A) 500 Mha (B) 400 Mha
(C) 180 Mha (D) 60 Mha

3. Nitrogen deficiency in plants leads to
(A) Chlolorosis (B) Excessive growth
(C) Profuse flowering (D) Dark green colour

4. The two major races of rice are.
(A) Europian and tropical (B) Indica and Japonica
(C) Asiatic and American (D) Temperate and tropical

5. N:P:K requirement in legume is generally
(A) 3:1:1 (B) 3:1:0
(C) 1:2:2 (D) 4:2:1

6. Which of the following state has the largest geographical area
(A) U.P. (B) Bihar
(C) M.P. (D) Rajasthan

7. The highest production in terms of million tones per year in India is that of
(A) Pulses (B) Groundnut
(C) Potatoes (D) Sugarcane

8. Respiration in plant is essentially a process related to the following
(A) Evaporation (B) Transpiration
(C) Oxidation (D) None of these

9. Linkage between gene affects
(A) Vernalization (B) Fertilization
(C) Anaphase (D) Independent assortment

10. NPK are required in plant nutrition as
(A) Trace element (B) Microelement
(C) Micro nutrient (D) None essential

11. DNA contains following number of nitrogenous base
(A)One (B) Two
(C) Four (D) Ten

12. Animal and plant cell can be differentiated by
(A) Conductivity (B) Size
(C) Presence or absence of cell wall (D) Shape

13. In temperate countries, sugar is generally obtained from which of the following
crops
(A)Maple (B) sugar beet
(C) wheat (D) sugarcane

14. The idea of particulate nature of inheritance was given by
(A) Darwin (B) Mendel
(C) Jones (D) Bateson

15. Cultivated rice Oryza sativa has the following number of cromosomes

(A) 2n =32 (B) 2n =20
(C) 2n =24 (D) 2n =18

16. In the presence of sunlight CO2 and H2O (with the help of chlorophyll) and
converted in to carbohydrate, this is known as

(A) Photosynthesis (B) Respiration
(C) Metabolism (D) Solar radiation

17. Soil productivity takes in to account the following

(A) Soil structure (B) Soil moisture
(C) Soil fertility (D) Soil fertility and productivity

18. If chromosome compliment of two diploid species is combined in one, the result
species would be

(A) Amphidiploid (B) Haploid
(C) Monogenic (D) Polygenic

19. Alternate form of gene at the same locus are referred to as

(A) Allele (B) Plastid
(C) Dominant (D) Chromosome

20. Sequence of growing crops in a piece of land is known as

(A) Crop insurance (B) crop rotation
(C) Crop production (D) Crop management

21. India has to provide for its population

(A) 2 billion (B) 1 billion
(C) 600 million (D) 1 million

22. In diploid species generally a following number of the chromosomes are involved in
the pollen mitosis

(A) 4n (B) 2n
(C) 1n (D) 3n

23. Sulphur fungicides can be freely used on all vegetable except the following

(A) Beans and peas (B) Okra
(C) Root vegetable (D) Cucurbits

24. Karnal bunt is a serious disease of

(A) Apple (B) Tomato
(C) Wheat (D) Mung

25. Zinc is required for the synthesis of

(A) Tryptophane (B) Sugar
(C) Fats (D) Proteins

26. Contour system of orchard planting is generally followed in

(A) Saline soils (B) U.P.
(C) Hills (D) Punjab

Agriculture word

1. Cumin seeds = जीरा

2. Turmeric = हल्दी

3. Cinnamon = दालचीनी

4. Coriander Leaves = धनिया

5. Clove = लौंग

6. Black Mustard Seeds = राई

7. Black Pepper = काली मिर्च

8. Bay Leaves = तेजपत्ता

9. Cardamom = इलाइची

10. Fenugreek = दाना मेथी

11. Asafoetida = हींग

12. Fennel Seeds = सौंफ

13. Curry Leaves = कड़ी पत्ता

14. Poppy Seeds = खसखस

15. Seasame Seeds = तिल

16. Watermelon Seeds = मगज़

17. Dry Mango Powder = अमचूर

18. Carom Seeds = अजवाइन

19. Garlic = लहसुन

20. Nutmeg = जायफल खाने से संबंधित

Importance agriculture of one words

Agriculture GK
Some common Names of Fruits, veg.
flowers and cereals.

.
1. king of cereals - Wheat

2. Queen of cereals- Maize

3. Queen of vegetables- potato

4. Poor man`s meat- soybean

5. famine reserves- millets

6. camel crop- sorghum

7. Queen of oilseed - Sesame

8. king of oilseed- mustard

9. Queen of fodder crop- Lucerne

10.king of fodder cop- barseem

11. vegetable meat- Cowpea

12. Poor man`s substitute for ghee-
Sesamum

13.poor man`s friend- Potato

14.poor man`s food- pearl Millet

15.King of weed- Congress grass

16. Drosophila of crop plants- Maize

17. king of coarse cereals- Sorghum

18. king of fruits-Mango

19.Queen of fruits-litchi

20.king of pulses-Gram

21.Queen of pulses-Pea

22.Queen of spices- cardamom

23.King of flower- Dahlia

24.Food of god- Cocoa

25.Queen of beverage-Tea

26.century plant-date palm

27.White gold- Cotton

28.Green gold- Opium

29.king of arid fruits- Ber

30.Poor's men fruits-Ber

31.King of tamprate fruits-Apple

32. Butter fruit- Avocado

33. Adam's fig- Banana

34. King of forest- Teak

35. king of vegetable- Brinjal

36. Queen of spices- Cardamom

37. Poor man's orange--Tomato

38. Poor man's apple- Guava

39. Love apple - Tomato

40. Queen of oil seeds- sesame( TIL)

41. King of spices- BLACKPEPPER

43. Adam’s fig- Banana

44. Kalpa Vriksha- Coconut

45. Queen of flowers-Rose

46. Green Gold- Bamboo

47. Queen of beverage- coffee

48. wonder crop- soybean

49. Blanket flower is- Gaillardia

50. Miracle fruit is- kiwi

51. king of veg - potato

52. Tree of paradise- Banana

53. Apple of Paradise -Banana

54. Monkey Jack -Jack fruit

55. Apple of Tropic - Guava

56. King of Arid fruits- Ber

57. Chinere Date -Ber

58. Chinese Fig - Ber

59.Five Corner fruit - Carambole

60. Star Apple- Phalsa

61. King of Temprate fruit - Apple

62. Queen of Nut - pecanut

63. King of Nut - walnut

64. Gold mine of Wast land - Cashew

65. Sapodilla plum - Sapota

66. Fancy Fruit - Mandarin

67. Black Plum - Jamun

68. Indian Black Berry - jamun

69. Black Plum - Jamun

70. Melon Tree - Japan

71. Indian Gooseberry - Anola

72. Malacca Tree - Anola

73. Wolf Apple - Tomato

74. Vilayati Baigan - Tomato

75. Butter Bean- Lima Bean

76. Egg plant - Brinjal

77. Kindney & Snap bean - French
bean

78. Indian Bean- Dolichos Bean

79. Horse & Faba Bean - Broad bean

80. Vegetable of 20 century - Winged
Bean

81. Potato Bean - Yam Bean

82. Misrikand - Yam Bean

83. Balsam Pear- Bitter Gaurd

84. Bitter Cucumber- Bitter gaurd

85. Vegetable of Immensd Value -
Pumpkin

86. Wax & white Gaurd- Ash gaurd

87. Swiss Chord - Paalak

88. Beetleaf - Palak

89. Horse Raddish Tree- Drumstick

90. Vegetable of 21 century -
Chekurmanis

91. Black Eyed pea - Cowpea

92. Wholesome Food - Musk Melon

93. King of Annual Flower- Pensy

94. Lovers Chain - Coral Vine

95. Schlor's Tree - Ashok

96. Bodhi Tree - Pipal

97. Peacock - Gulmohar

98. Blue Gum - Safeda

99. China Shoe flower - Gurhal

100. Pigeon Berry - Duranta

101. Poorman's Orchid - Schizanthus

102. Love in a Mist- Nigella

103. Star flower- Phlox

104. Cone Flower - Rudbeckia

105. Cape marigold - Dimorphotheca

106. Pot Marigold - Calendula

107. Dog Flower - Antirrhinum

108. Bunny Rabbit - Antirrhinum

109. Babys Breath - Gypsophyla

110. Plough Crop - Cashew nut

111. Queen Of Fruit - Mangosteen

Principles of see technology

 

GPBR 112 :: Lecture 01 :: SEED PRODUCTION 

Availability of quality seeds of improved cultivars is considered crucial for realizing productivity and adoption of cultivars in different agro-climatic conditions. The quality of seed alone is known to account for at least 10-15% increase in the productivity (ICAR 1993). However, lack of quality seed continues to be one of the greatest impediments to bridging the vast yield gap. Therefore, to approach the potentially realizable yield of a cultivar, production and distribution of quality seed is essential. The good quality seed should have the following characters:

Genetic purity, and uniformity and should conform to the standards of the particular cultivar.Disease free, viable seeds.Free from admixtures of other crop seeds, weeds and inert matter.Acceptable uniformity with respect to size, shape and color.

                      
Seed Production 
          Systemized crop production is known as seed production. In seed production adequate care is given from the purchase of seeds upto harvest adopting proper seed and crop management techniques.
The benefits of seed production are

Higher incomeHigher quality seed for next sowing

Difference between seed and crop production

Seed production

Crop production

Basic seed should be from an authentic source

Any seed material can be used

Seed plot should be selected carefully for better performance, as per edaphic and environmental requirement

Can be grown in any area

Needs isolation from other varieties

Isolation is not necessary

Needs technical skill for maintenance of quality

Special technical skill is not required

Maintenance of genetic purity is important

Genetic purity is not required

Roguing is compulsorily practiced

Roguing is not practiced

Harvesting should be done at physiological/ harvestable maturity

Harvested at field maturity

Resultant seed should be vigorous and viable

Question of viability does not arise

Importance is given to seed quality rather than the yield

Importance is given more to yield 

                  

           There are two types (major) of seed production ie. varietal and hybrid 

Seed production based on the type of seed used for multiplication .The difference between varietal and hybrid seed production are as follows

Varietal seed production

Hybrid seed production

It is single parent multiplication

It needs two to many parents

Isolation distance requirement is less

Isolation distance requirement is more

 Production is by open pollination

Production is by managed control pollination (Female)

Seed can be used continuously for 3/4/5 generations

Seed has to be changed every time

Production technique is uniform (multiplication)

Technique differ with crop

Production care is less

Production care is more

Yield will be lower

Yield will be higher

Profit is less

Profit is higher

 

SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF SEED PRODUCTION

 

          Indian Agriculture has made enormous progress in the last 50 years. Food grains production has risen from 50 million tons in 1947 to 212 million tons in 2003-04. The country has advanced from a situation of food scarcity and imports to that of food security and exportable surpluses. The Green Revolution of India has been universally acclaimed as a successful enterprise of the farmers, the Scientists and the Government. The land mark achievements in agriculture in the 60s and 70s were the result of a combination of inputs like introduction of high yielding varieties, increased fertilizer use, expansion of irrigation facilities, massive extension efforts, improved farm practices and, above all, ingenuity and industry of the Indian farmers. However, the growth of agriculture sector has not kept pace with the growth of the population and has stagnated. The unsatisfactory growth of agriculture, apart from serious implications for food security of the country, has been adversely impacting the growth rate of country’s economy. The imperative of National food security, nutritional security and economic development demand a very focused and determined approach to raise productivity and production in agriculture. In view of the fact, that the area under cultivation is unlikely to increase significantly, thrust will have to be on raising productivity per unit of cultivated land. 

Substantial increase in yield and quality of crops depends upon a number of factors viz., inputs like fertilizers, irrigation and plant protection measures and suitable agronomic practices.           However, the use of high quality seed thus plays a pivotal role in the crop production. The use of poor quality seeds nullifies the utility of all agronomic practices and every other input applied to the crop no matter how lavishly they are applied. Economically, the cost of seed is a very small component of the total cost of production.  Sindhur Sen (1974) summarizes the importance of seed quality thus “What are known as the seeds of hope may turn into seeds of frustration” if they are not of high quality. It is therefore, important to use the seed confirming to the prescribed standards in terms of high genetic purity, physical purity, physiological quality and health quality. Since ages, Indian farmers were mostly dependent on traditional varieties, therefore seed requirements were met through farm saved seeds. The use of traditional varieties coupled with farm saved seeds whose quality is not guaranteed, resulted in drastic reduction in production.

          Seed is the critical determinant of agricultural production on which depends the performance and efficacy of other inputs. Quality seeds appropriate to different agro-climatic conditions and in sufficient quantity at affordable prices are required to raise productivity. Availability and use of quality seeds is not a onetime affair. Sustained increase in agriculture production and productivity necessarily requires continuous development of new and improved varieties of crops and efficient system of production and supply of seeds to farmers.
The National Seeds Policy 2002 clearly emphasizes that “It has become evident that in order to achieve the food production targets of the future, a major effort will be required to enhance the seed replacement rates of various crops. This would require a major increase in the production of quality seeds……..” According to the National seeds Policy 2002, the thrust areas have to be -
i) Varietal Development.
ii) Seed Production.
iii) Seed Replacement Rate Enhancement.
iv) Primary responsibility for production of breeder seed to be that of the ICAR/State Agriculture Universities.
v) An effective seed production programme.
vi) Popularization of new varieties.
vii) Availability of newly developed varieties to farmers with minimum time gap.
viii) Provision of incentives to domestic seed industry to enable it to produce seeds of high yielding varieties and hybrid seeds at a faster pace to meet the challenges of domestic requirements.

          After the genesis of NSP, NSE & SSC and private seed companies, production of certified and foundation seeds have been undertaken by them.

Crop/Season-wise Requirement and Availability of Certified/Quality Seeds in India (2008-2009)(Indiastat.com)

Crop

Requirement

Availability

Cereals Total

13343953

16964189

Pulses Total

1749254

1829974

Oil Seed Total

4814665

5349716

Fibre Total

302279

361151

Patato

430000

430000

 

          The Indian seed industry is the eighth largest in the world with an estimated value of INR 49 billion (USD 1.06 Billion) and with an annual growth rate of 12% to 13 %. The industry has shown a buoyant growth over the last two years on well supportive monsoons. The development of private seed industry is no more confined to just production and marketing of seed. It has well acquired technological strength to cater to the varietal needs of tomorrow. Along with industries Indian farmers have in recent years adopted intensive cultivation practices in order to meet the growing demand for agricultural produce.

          India is bestowed with varied agro climatic conditions / zones, experienced and dedicated farmers, viable seed industry, legislations etc favouring the production of quality seeds. However, there is an urgent need for streamlining all our strengths to overpower the weaknesses.

Strengths

A well developed and knitted seed multiplication and distribution systems linked with several ICAR institutes / SAUs / NSC / SFCI etc.A network of 20 seed certification agencies and more than 96 notified seed testing laboratories to legally assure the quality seeds moving in the seed market.A large number of varieties in different vegetable crops are available suited to varied agro climatic conditions. This makes the selection easier for taking up production in a particular area.Our county is bestowed with varied agro climatic conditions, which can be exploited for taking up seed production of vegetables at any time of the year in one or other past of the country.A very fast development of private seed companies which are helpful in bridging. The gap between demand and supply of vegetable seeds in the country.

Weaknesses

Vegetable seed production in the country has been vulnerable to vagaries of weather resulting in production of poor quality seeds.Availability of realistic data on actual area under vegetable and requirements of vegetable seeds is inappropriate.Maintenance of isolation distance. Since in our system there is no restriction for planting any particular vegetable crops in any particular area, it becomes difficult many times to maintain the recommended isolation distance.Very low or no indents for new improved varieties due to ignorance about the performance of newly developed improved varieties.Non-availability of adequate nucleus and breeder seeds in the seed production chain.Problems in lifting produced seeds against indents.

Factors which affect demand 
          It is important to distinguish between actual demand, perceived demand and what the government expects the farmers to buy. The total amount of certified or labelled seed sold may be quite a small proportion of the total requirement.

          Many factors have to be considered while assessing and forecasting demand. Some of these are:

Cropping pattern and intensityType of seed usedClimateDemand for crop productsMarket scenarioDisposable farm incomeRate or level of adoption of new technologyGovernment policyCrop cyclesHabits and traditionProduct performanceCompetitivenessPricePromotion

The most important factors that need to be taken into account when an individual company or organization is estimating the market share that may be gained by its own products are product performance, competitive positioning, price and promotion. This will form the basis of sales forecasting and production planning.

Demand Forecasting of seed

          In adequate estimation of demand and the consequences of over production or under production can cause serious financial consequences for a seed company. Too many carryovers and stock write-offs will prove to be expensive, while lack of seed means a loss of revenue and a source of frustration for the sales force and the dealer network. This combination of special features in the seed industry makes the accurate assessment of demand even more critical. Some of these features are

Longer period of time for the development new products from breeding programmesSeasonality of productionProduction subject to variables like agro climatic conditions outside the control of managementStatutory controls and quality standardsExistence of a generation system – where by the production in one year is the progenitor the nextLimited shelf like and loss of germinationSeed replacement rate: Seed Replacement Rate is the rate at which the farmers replace the seeds instead of using their own seeds

Seed Replacement Rate of Select Crops : 2005-06

Crop

SRR (%)

Paddy

17

Millets

7

Pulses

12.5

Cottton

Rainfed /Irrigated

 

10/15

Groundnut

5

Gingelly

15

Sunflower

50

Castor

30

Soyabean

20

Source: Narrative notes on Plan Programme-2005-06, S.P.C, ,Chennai.

In demand forecasting the first step is to calculate the existing requirement multiplied by percent bought seed, which is the amount of commercial seed purchased by farmers. In calculating seed requirement, seed multiplication rates must be taken into account. Seed Multiplication Ratio is the ratio at which the seed multiplies.

In the present Indian scenario, seed production can be taken up as a small-scale industry or it can be taken up as under contract for the other seed companies. In either way, seed production has huge potential to ensure better returns.

 

 

SCOPE FOR SEEDS EXPORT

          There is lot of scope for marketing of seed by Indian seed companies in countries lying between 300 North and South latitudes, which are having similar agro-climatic situations and the varieties bred in India are suitable as well as comparable to varieties produced in European Union (EU), USA and Japan etc. In addition, wage rates and consumption pattern of those areas are comparable to Indian conditions. The seed can be exported from India to Indonesia, Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka, African countries. Central and South America and markets in developed countries. The Indian cotton hybrids are suitable for African countries, where the wage rates are low for hand picking in indeterminate types. The hybrid seeds of paddy, cotton, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, sunflower, varietal seeds of paddy, vegetables (tomato, brinjal, gourds and bhendi) can be produced more economically in AP for export purposes.

Export opportunities 
          The export opportunities can be classified into two major categories.

Custom production of vegetable seeds (including hybrid vegetables)Export of branded seeds

i. Custom production of vegetable seeds (including hybrid vegetables)
Hybrid vegetable seed production is highly labour intensive. As the competition is going up, most of the major global companies are outsourcing the seed production to the countries having labour cost advantage viz., China, Thailand, Vietnam, Chile, India etc. several Indian companies have established good reputation over the past 10 years by supplying good quality seed under contract production. We also have experienced and skilled manpower to take up this activity on large scale. If we look at the production capacity 70% of India’s seeds’ sales come from farmer bred seeds, 26% from those bred in publicly financed institutions, and only 4% from researched hybrids. The domestic hybrid seeds market is placed at INR 4.9 Billion and is annually growing at 10% a year, against the 5% global growth rate.

ii. Export of branded seeds 
          Over the last 15-20 years, Indian seed industry has emerged as a vibrant research based industry (in vegetable as well as field crops). Several innovative superior products have been developed for widely varying agro-climatic conditions in the Indian agriculture. It is reported that Indian germplasm / seeds can adopt very well in the countries failing in the region 300 North and South on the equator. This would cover markets of several developing countries from Central / South America, Africa and Asia. Incidentally, both Africa and Asia are presently the fastest growing markets. Indian seed sector with its vast germplasm base and trained man power would become a strong technology source for such countries. 

Agri –export zones
          India has her own inherent strength in agriculture and agriculture exports. Now these have been strengthened with the liberalization, privatization polices of the government and the positive clauses in the World Trade Agreement with which India can poise to double its agro exports to Rs.200 billion by 2007.

          With a view to promoting agricultural exports from the country and remunerative returns to the farming community in a sustained manner, the concept of Agri Export Zones (AEZ) was floated. These zones have been set up for end-to-end development for export of specific products from a geographically contiguous area.

Download this lecture as PDF here

Agriculture GK Question and Answer,General Knowledge GK Question

1. Jalpriya is a variety of—
(A) Maize
(B) Jowar
(C) Paddy
(D) Barley
Ans : (C) 
2. Sugarcane + Potato is an intercropping system of—
(A) Autumn season
(B) Zaid season
(C) Spring season

(D) Rainy season
Ans : (A) 
3. Seed-rate of potato per hectare is—
(A) 25 quintal/hectare
(B) 10 quintal/hectare
(C) 15 quintal/hectare
(D) 40 quintal/hectare
Ans : (D) 
4. Deficiency symptoms of calcium on plants first appear at—
(A) Lower leaves
(B) Middle leaves
(C) Terminal leaves
(D) All leaves
Ans : (C) 
5. Which weedicide is used to kill broad leaf weeds in wheat ?
(A) 2, 4 – D.S.S. (WPSS)
(B) 2, 4, 5 – T
(C) 2, 4 – DB
(D) None of these
Ans : (A) 
6. Maya is the variety of—
(A) Potato
(B) Gram
(C) Pea
(D) Mustard
Ans : (D) 
7. The weed that causes Asthma is—
(A) Hirankhuri

(B) Bathua
(C) Parthenium
(D) Krishna Neel
Ans : (C) 
8. Which crop requires maximum amount of nitrogen ?
(A) Potato
(B) Wheat
(C) Barley
(D) Sugarcane
Ans : (D) 
9. First dwarf variety of paddy developed in India is—
(A) Jaya
(B) Saket-4
(C) Govind
(D) Narendra-97
Ans : (C) 
10. Sprinkler irrigation is suitable, where the soil has—
(A) Clayey texture
(B) Loamy texture
(C) Undulating topography
(D) All of these
Ans : (D) 
11. Endosulphan is also known as—
(A) Lindane
(B) Thiodan
(C) Aldrin
(D) B.H.C.
Ans : (B) 
12. Which of the following is systemic poison ?
(A) Metasystox
(B) Phosphomidan
(C) Phorate
(D) All of these
Ans : (C) 
13. DDVP is known as—
(A) Nuvan
(B) Malathion
(C) Thiodan
(D) Sulfex
Ans : (A) 
14. Seed treatment with Vitavex is the main controlling method of—
(A) Loose smut
(B) Rust
(C) Downy mildew
(D) All of these
Ans : (D) 
15. Covered smut of barley is a disease of—
(A) Externally seed-borne
(B) Internally seed-borne
(C) Air-borne
(D) None of these
Ans : (B) 
16. Which of the following cakes is not edible ?
(A) Castor cake
(B) Mustard cake
(C) Sesame cake
(D) Groundnut cake
Ans : (A) 
17. In India, about 142 million hectare land is under—
(A) Cultivation
(B) Waste land
(C) Forest
(D) Eroded land
Ans : (A) 
18. The headquarters of Indian Meteorological Department was established in 1875 at—
(A) New Delhi
(B) Hyderabad
(C) Pune
(D) Calcutta
Ans : (D) 
19. Moisture condensed in small drops upon cool surface is called—
(A) Hail
(B) Dew
(C) Snow
(D) Fog
Ans : (B) 
20. How many agro-climatic zones (ACZ) are found in India ?
(A) 16
(B) 18
(C) 15
(D) 20
Ans : (C) 
21. Tilt angle of a disc plough is generally—
(A) 10°
(B) 15°
(C) 20°
(D) 45°
Ans : (D) 
22. Pudding is done to—
(A) Reduce percolation of water
(B) Pulverise and levelling soil
(C) Kill weeds
(D) All of the above
Ans : (D) 
23. The Community Development Programme (CDP) was started in India on—
(A) 2nd October, 1950
(B) 2nd October, 1952
(C) 2nd October, 1951
(D) None of these
Ans : (B) 
24. The main unit of Integrated Rural Development Programme is—
(A) Family
(B) Village
(C) Block
(D) District
Ans : (B) 
25. Element of Communication is—
(A) Message
(B) Feedback
(C) Channel
(D) All of these
Ans : (D) 
26. The first Kshetriya Gramin Bank (KGB) was opened in India is—
(A) 1972
(B) 1980
(C) 1975
(D) 1969
Ans : (C) 
27. The main function of NABARD is—
(A) Farmers’ loaning
(B) Agricultural research
(C) Refinancing to agricultural financing institutions
(D) Development of agriculture
Ans : (C) 
28. Rent theory of profit was given by—
(A) Hawley
(B) C.P. Blacker
(C) Tanssig
(D) F.A. Walker
Ans : (D) 
29. In L.D.R., the profit will be maximum when—
(A) MC = MP
(B) MC > MP
(C) MP = TP
(D) MP > TP
Ans : (D) 
30. The period of 11th Five Year Plan is—
(A) 2000-2005
(B) 2002-2007
(C) 2007-2012
(D) 2008-2012
Ans : (C) 
31. Acid rain contains mainly—
(A) PO4
(B) NO2
(C) NO3
(D) CH4
Ans : (B) 
32. Cell Organelle found only in plants are—
(A) Mitochondria
(B) Golgi complex
(C) Ribosomes
(D) Plastids
Ans : (D) 
33. Proteins are synthesized in—
(A) Centrosomes
(B) Ribosomes
(C) Mitochondria
(D) Golgi bodies
Ans : (B) 
34. Milk fever is caused due to the deficiency of—
(A) P
(B) Ca
(C) Mg
(D) K
Ans : (B) 
35. Milk sugar is a type of—
(A) Glucose
(B) Sucrose
(C) Lactose
(D) Fructose
Ans : (C) 
36. Muriate of Potash is—
(A) K2SO4
(B) KCl
(C) K2HPO4
(D) KNO3
Ans : (B) 
37. Azotobacter fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the soil by—
(A) Symbiotically
(B) Non-symbiotically
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of these
Ans : (A) 
38. The chemical formula of iron pyrites is—
(A) FeSO4
(B) FeS
(C) FeS2
(D) Fe2(SO4)3
Ans : (C) 
39. Rock phosphates are used in—
(A) Saline soil
(B) Sodic soil
(C) Acidic soil
(D) Neutral soil
Ans : (C) 
40. Intervenous chlorosis is caused due to the deficiency of—
(A) N
(B) Mg
(C) S
(D) Fe
Ans : (D) 
41. Kinnow is the hybrid variety of—
(A) Citrus
(B) Orange
(C) Mandarin
(D) Lemon
Ans : (C) 
42. The permanent preservative, which is used for preservation of fruit and vegetables, is—
(A) Sodium chloride
(B) Potassium metabisulphate
(C) Potassium sulphate
(D) Sugar
Ans : (B) 
43. Whip tail disease of cauliflower is caused by deficiency of—
(A) Nitrogen
(B) Boron
(C) Molybdenum
(D) Zinc
Ans : (C) 
44. The word ‘Agriculture’ is derived from—
(A) Greek
(B) Latin
(C) Arabic
(D) French
Ans : (B) 
45. Motha (Grass nut) belongs to the family of—
(A) Cruciferae
(B) Tiliaceae
(C) Cyperaceae
(D) Graminaceae
Ans : (C) 
46. Which of the followings are short day crops ?
(A) Maize, Lobia, Bajra
(B) Wheat, Mustard, Gram
(C) Moong, Soybean, Bajra
(D) Wheat, Soybean, Bajra
Ans : (B) 
47. What is the sequence of C4 plants ?
(A) Sudangrass – Sugarcane –Paddy – Bajra
(B) Sugarcane – Maize – Sudangrass – Bajra
(C) Sugarcane – Cotton – Paddy– Maize
(D) Cotton – Maize – Bajra –Sugarcane
Ans : (B) 
48. Match List-I (crops) with List-II (water requirement) and select your answer from the code given below—
List-I
(a) Jowar
(b) Soybean
(c) Cotton
(d) Groundnut
List–II
1. 140 mm – 300 mm
2. 350 mm – 450 mm
3. 200 mm – 300 mm
4. 300 mm – 350 mm
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 3 1 2 4
(B) 4 2 3 1
(C) 1 4 2 3
(D) 3 1 4 2
Ans : (C) 
49. In which state, are there biggest area, highest production and number of Sugar Mills in relation to Sugarcane ?
(A) Maharashtra
(B) Bihar
(C) Uttar Pradesh
(D) Andhra Pradesh
Ans : (A) 
50. Which is not prepared by potato ?
(A) Acetic Acid
(B) Paper
(C) Wine
(D) Fanina
Ans : (B) 
51. Uttar Pradesh is occupying which place in India, for Guava production ?
(A) Second
(B) First
(C) Third
(D) Fifth
Ans : (A) 
52. Which of the following is TPS variety of Potato ?
(A) JH 222
(B) Chipsona-II
(C) Anand
(D) HPS-1/113
Ans : (D) 
53. What is VAM ?
(A) Virus
(B) Bacteria
(C) Algae
(D) Fungi
Ans : (D) 
54. What is the main function of zinc in the plants ?
(A) Synthesis of nitrogen
(B) Synthesis of phosphorus
(C) Required for synthesis of Tryptophos
(D) To increase activity of the boron
Ans : (C) 
55. What is the area in floriculture (in 000 hectare) in India ?
(A) 40 – 50
(B) 60 – 80
(C) 100 – 120
(D) None of these
Ans : (C) 
56. Which of the following factors does not affect the nitrification ?
(A) Air
(B) Seed
(C) Temperature
(D) Moisture
Ans : (B) 
57. Which is the correct sequence of soil erosion ?
(A) Rill – Sheet – Gulley
(B) Gulley – Sheet – Rill
(C) Sheet – Rill – Gulley
(D) Sheet – Gulley – Rill
Ans : (C) 
58. Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) should not be mixed with—
(A) D.A.P.
(B) Compost fertilizer
(C) Ammonium Chloride
(D) Urea
Ans : (A) 
59. Insecticides are specific inhibitors of—
(A) Excretory system
(B) Digestive system
(C) Nervous system
(D) Blood Circulatory system
Ans : (D) 
60. The credit for the success of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) goes to—
(A) Dr. R. S. Paroda
(B) Dr. Chandrika Prasad
(C) Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta
(D) Dr. Mangla Rai
Ans : (D) 
61. Cauliflower belongs to the family—
(A) Cruciferae
(B) poacae
(C) Malvaceae
(D) Leguminaceae
Ans : (A) 
62. Which type of soil is best for knolkhol ?
(A) Loam
(B) Clayey loam
(C) Silty clayey loam
(D) Clay
Ans : (B) 
63. Which of the following soil type is most suitable for garlic cultivation ?
(A) Loamy sand
(B) Sandy loam
(C) Loam
(D) Clay
Ans : (B) 
P) of guava is—64. Average planting distance (R
5 m(A) 5 m
6 m(B) 6 m
8 m(C) 8 m
10 m(D) 10 m
Ans : (B) 
65. Which of the following soil type has the highest field capacity ?
(A) Loam
(B) Silty loam
(C) Clayey loam
(D) Clay
Ans : (D) 
66. The trade name of phorate is—
(A) Temic
(B) Thiodan
(C) Phortox
(D) Metasystox
Ans : (C) 
67. The sprayers are cleaned before use by—
(A) 1% chlorine water
(B) 1% hydrochloric acid
(C) 1% ammonia water
(D) 1% bromine water
Ans : (B) 
68. The cyanogas pump is a /an—
(A) Duster
(B) Fumigator
(C) Sprayer
(D) Emulsifier
Ans : (D) 
69. The main reason of Irish Famine in Potato was—
(A) Late Blight disease
(B) Bacterial Blight disease
(C) Blast disease
(D) Ear Cockle disease
Ans : (A) 
70. The instrument, which is used for sowing of seed with fertilizer together at a time, is—
(A) Seed drill
(B) Dibbler
(C) Seed sowing behind plough
(D) Ferti-cum Seed drill
Ans : (D) 
71. Seed treatment is done to control—
(A) Soil-borne disease
(B) Air-borne disease
(C) Seed-borne disease
(D) None of these
Ans : (C) 
72. Salt tolerant crop is—
(A) Cowpea
(B) Field pea
(C) Garlic
(D) Longmelon
Ans : (A) 
73. Which of the following is not a dairy breed of cattle ?
(A) Sahiwal
(B) Sindhi
(C) Nagore
(D) All these
Ans : (D) 
74. Stored grains can be saved from insect damage, if the grain moisture content is—
(A) <> 10%
(C) 10%
(D) None of these
Ans : (C) 
75. Which of the following pesticides has been banned in India ?
(A) Rogor
(B) DDT
(C) Metasystox
(D) Dimecron
Ans : (B) 
76. Pulses fit well in cropping system as they are—
(A) Short duration crops
(B) Disease resistant crops
(C) Long duration crops
(D) Moisture stress resistant crops
Ans : (D) 
77. Wheat is a—
(A) Cash crop
(B) Cereal crop
(C) Covered crop
(D) None of these
Ans : (B) 
78. Autumn sugarcane is planted in month of—
(A) February-March
(B) July
(C) October
(D) December
Ans : (C) 
79. Seed-rate for timely sown wheat is—
(A) 75 kg/ha
(B) 100 kg/ha
(C) 125 kg/ha
(D) 150 kg/ha
Ans : (C) 
80. Most critical stage in wheat for irrigation is—
(A) C.R.I.
(B) Flowering
(C) Milk
(D) Dough
Ans : (A) 
81. Name of most popular variety of wheat in Uttar Pradesh is—
(A) PBW – 343
(B) U.P. – 2338
(C) K – 7903
(D) K – 9107
Ans : (B) 
82. KPG – 59 (Udai) is a variety of—
(A) Field pea
(B) Vegetable pea
(C) Lentil
(D) Gram
Ans : (D) 
83. In plain, Rajma is cultivated during—
(A) Kharif
(B) Rabi
(C) Zaid
(D) None of these
Ans : (A) 
84. Which crop is recommended for Zaid season cultivation in Uttar Pradesh ?
(A) Vegetable pea
(B) Groundnut
(C) Barley
(D) Lentil
Ans : (B) 
85. The most efficient use of potassium is achieved by—
(A) Broadcasting at the sowing time
(B) Top dressing after one month of sowing
(C) Basal placement at the sowing time
(D) Foliar spray
Ans : (C) 
86. The term ‘Extension’ was first used in—
(A) U.K.
(B) U.S.A.
(C) India
(D) France
Ans : (B) 
87. The first K.V.K. (Krishi Vigyan Kendra) in India was established in—
(A) Bombay
(B) Port Blair
(C) Pondicherry
(D) Madras
Ans : (C) 
88. ATMA is related to—
(A) NARP
(B) NAARM
(C) NREP
(D) None of these
Ans : (D) 
89. Albert Mayer is the name associated with—
(A) Nilokheri Development Project
(B) Firka Development Project
(C) Etawah Pilot Project
(D) Shriniketan Project
Ans : (C) 
90. Co-operative Credit Societies Act was passed in India in—
(A) 1902
(B) 1904
(C) 1906
(D) 1912
Ans : (D) 
91. Maximum photosynthesis takes place in—
(A) Blue light
(B) Red light
(C) Violet light
(D) Green light
Ans : (D) 
92. Farm Planning means—
(A) Farm Budgetting
(B) Cropping pattern
(C) Type of enterprises
(D) None of these
Ans : (B) 
93. The first product of photosynthesis in C3 plant is—
(A) Pyruvic acid
(B) Phospho-glyceric acid
(C) Oxalo-acetic acid
(D) Succinic acid
Ans : (B) 
94. Bending of plants towards light is called—
(A) Phototropism
(B) Vernalisation
(C) Photo-respiration
(D) None of these
Ans : (A) 
95. Germination is inhibited by—
(A) Red light
(B) Blue light
(C) U.V. light
(D) I.R. light
Ans : (C) 
96. The best method of milking is—
(A) Knuckling method
(B) Fisting method
(C) Stripping method
(D) None of these
Ans : (D) 
97. Line breeding is a type of—
(A) Inbreeding
(B) Outbreeding
(C) Natural breeding
(D) None of these
Ans : (A) 
98. Match List-I with List-II and select answer from the codes given below—
List-I
(a) White Revolution
(b) Grey Revolution
(c) Blue Revolution
(d) Green Revolution
List-II
1. Fertilizer production
2. Fish production
3. Cereal production
4. Milk production
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 4 1 2 3
(B) 1 2 3 4
(C) 2 4 3 1
(D) 1 3 4 2
Ans : (A) 
99. ‘Tharparkar’ breed of cow is—
(A) Milch breed
(B) Working breed
(C) Dual purpose breed
(D) None of these
Ans : (C) 

100. Cow and buffalo belong to the family—
(A) Bovidae
(B) Suidae
(C) Equidae
(D) Cammelidae
Ans : (A) 
101. What is the contribution of Animal Husbandry Sector in the agricultural growth ?
(A) 10%
(B) 12% – 15%
(C) 7% – 9%
(D) 5%
Ans : (C) 
102. How many labourers are required to run a 30 cows milch herd ?
(A) 8
(B) 6
(C) 4
(D) 10
Ans : (B) 
103. What is the availability of per day per capita milk in India presently (2008-09) ?
(A) 229 gram
(B) 239 gram
(C) 219 gram
(D) 252 gram
Ans : (D) 
104. Which place is occupied by India in egg production ?
(A) First
(B) Second
(C) Third
(D) Fourth
Ans : (A) 
105. How much calories (cal) may be obtained from 100 gram chicken egg ?
(A) 175 cal
(B) 180 cal
(C) 160 cal
(D) 130 cal
Ans : (C) 
106. Main function of biofertilizer is—
(A) To increase chemical process
(B) To increase physiological process
(C) To increase biological process
(D) To increase photosynthesis process
Ans : (C) 
107. How much tomato average production (q.) may be yield from one hectare ?
(A) 100
(B) 105-150
(C) 250
(D) 160-275
Ans : (D) 
108. Which type of soil is found near the canal banks ?
(A) Acidic and alkaline
(B) Acidic
(C) Alkaline
(D) None of these
Ans : (C) 
109. Which one is not biofertilizer ?
(A) Multiflex
(B) PSB
(C) Vermicompost
(D) NADEP
Ans : (A) 
110. In which form is nitrogen absorbed by paddy under waterlogged condition ?
(A) NH4 ion
(B) Nitrate ion
(C) NO2 ion
(D) N2
Ans : (B) 
111. Which one of the following do not relate to groundnut ?
(A) Brazil
(B) 2n = 40
(C) Pink disease
(D) Tikka disease
Ans : (C) 
112. Which of the following is produced highest in India ?
(A) Mango
(B) Banana
(C) Papaya
(D) Grapes
Ans : (A) 
113. The optimum temperature for the Banana crop is—
(A) 30°C
(B) 23°C
(C) 21•5°C
(D) 26•5°C
Ans : (B) 
114. Which one of the following varieties has been selected to develop Narendra Aonla-6 variety ?
(A) Chakaiya
(B) Hathijhool
(C) Banarasi
(D) Narendra Aonla-6
Ans : (D) 
115. Red soil is poor in which of the following nutrients ?
(A) Phosphorus and Sulphur
(B) Phosphorus and Nitrogen
(C) Nitrogen and Zinc
(D) Nitrogen and Potassium
Ans : (D) 
116. A farming system in which airable crops are grown in alleys formed by trees or shrubs, to establish soil fertility and to enhance soil productivity, is known as—
(A) Relay cropping
(B) Multiple cropping
(C) Alley cropping
(D) Mixed cropping
Ans : (C) 
117. The cropping intensity of Groundnut + Arhar – Sugarcane is—
(A) 200%
(B) 300%
(C) 150%
(D) 250%
Ans : (C) 
118. The scented variety of paddy is—
(A) Jaya
(B) Bala
(C) Type-3
(D) Type-1
Ans : (C) 
119. From which language is the word ‘Agronomy’ taken ?
(A) Latin
(B) Greek
(C) French
(D) German
Ans : (B) 
120. Tarameera is belonged to which family ?
(A) Cruciferae
(B) Linaceae
(C) Compositae
(D) Graminae
Ans : (A) 
121. The size of clay particles are—
(A) 1•0 mm
(B) 0•2 – 0•02 mm
(C) < 0•02 mm
(D) < 0•002 mm
Ans : (D) 
122. When one plant has both male and female flowers separately, is called—
(A) Monophrodits
(B) Monoecious
(C) Hermaphrodite
(D) Apomixis
Ans : (D) 
123. Aamrapali is the cross of—
(A) Neelam x Dashaheri
(B) Dashaheri x Langra
(C) Langra x Dashaheri
(D) Dashaheri x Neelam
Ans : (D) 
124. Seed-plot technique is adopted in—
(A) Onion
(B) Potato
(C) Sugarcane
(D) Tomato
Ans : (B) 
125. The origin of litchi is—
(A) India
(B) Philippines
(C) China
(D) Burma
Ans : (C) 

Evolution of Agriculture and related terms

The  term agriculture and related subject are derived from the words of:

1. Agriculture - Latin word- ' ager' meaning ' soil ' and ' cultura ' meaning cultivation .

2.agronomy - Greek word - agros meaning field and nomos meaning manage.

3.Horticulture - Latin word- hortus  meaning garden and culture meaning culture or growing.

4.Pomology - Latin- Greek word - combination of Latin word ponum meaning fruit and Greek word logy or logos meaning discourse or science.

5. Olericulture - Latin word - oleris meaning pot herb and English word culture meaning cultivation.

6. Floriculture - Latin word

7.extension -: Latin word - ex meaning out and tension meaning stretching.

8.soil science - 'latin word  - catena meaning chain .

9.soil - Latin word - solum meaning ground.

10.monsoon - arabic word -"mausim ' meaning 'season;

11.biodynamics - Greek word - bios meaning life and dynamics meaning energy.

All subjects of B.sc agriculture

 Re: How to collect the notes for all subjects of BSc Agriculture?

BSC Agriculture Syllabus :

Department of agronomy

Department of Botany

Department of Horticulture

Department of Agri Economics

Department of Agricultural Extension

Department of Entomology

Department of Plant pathology

Department of Agricultural Engineering

Department of Animal science & Dairy Science

Department of Soil Science & Agril Chemistry

1st Semester :

Fundamentals of soil science
principles of Agronomy
physics & agril meteorology
elements of genetics 
fundamentals of extension education & rural development
elementary statistics
fundamentals of horticulture
microbiology
structural & spoken english
maths

2nd Semester :

Irrigation water management
weed management
rural sociology & educational psychology
elementary & educational psychology
principles of plant breeding
introductory entomology 
elementary plant biochemistry & chemistry of plant products
applied maths
soil microbiology

3rd semester :

Fiels crops I
practical crop production I
principal of soil physics & conservation
livestock breeds & nutrition
Environmental science
vegetable production

4th Semester :

Fiels group II
Practical crop Production II
Soil fertility
watershed management
agricultural marketing

5th semester :

Rainfed agriculture
livestock production
crop pest
breeding of fields crops
post harvest technology

6th semester :

Sustainable agriculture
principle of seed technology
mushroom cultivation
agriculture finance
Computer application

7th Semester :

Programme
crop production
livestock 
agricultural economics
soil test
horticulture
integrated plant protection II

8th semester :

Farm Layout development management & field plot techniques
sheep & goat production
technology of milk & milk products
micro-irrigation & drainage engineering

Source: http://entrance-exam.net/forum/general-discussion/how-collect-notes-all-subjects-bsc-agriculture-559109.html#ixzz4e3bifWk5

M.sc (ag) postgraduate entrance test (PET) question papers

1. The active factor of soil formation is :
(I) Parent material
(3) Relief
(2) Climate
(4) Time

2. Black soils (Vertisols) are formed mainly from the weathering of:

(I) Feldspars (2) Amphiboles (3) Granite (4) Basalts

3. Which soils have the highest cation exchange capacity ?

(I) Alluvial soils (2) Red soils
(3) Black soils (4) Laterite soils
4. Plants wilt when soil water content goes below:

(I) 0.1 bar (2) 1/3 bar (3) 5 bar (4) IS bar

5. Available phosphorus in fertilizer is the fraction:
(1) Water soluble P (2) Water soluble + Citrate soluble P
(3) Na HCO, extractable P (4) NH,F extractable P

6. The main reservoir of available Sulphur in soil is :
(1) Organic sulphur
(3) Sulphite S
(2) Sulphate S
(4) Sulphide S

7. The element that gets depleted progressively in the plough layer 01 submerged
rice soil is :
(1) Oxygen (2) Hydrogen (3) Carbon (4) Iron

8. The average nitrogen content of vermi-compost is of the order:
(1) 0.2 - 0.6% (2) 0.6 - 1.2%
(3) 1.2 -1.8% (4) 1.8 - 2.4%

9. Which one is a microorganism in a soil ?
(1) Protozoa (2) Termites (3) Fungi (4) Nematodes

10. The major component of biogas generated from cow-dung is :
(1) H, (2) CO, (3) N, (4) CH,

11. Soil enzyme that has been widely used as a measure of soil quality is :
(1) Deaminases (2) Dehydrogenases
(3) Proteases (4) Amylase

12. Which one is a herbicide?
(1) Simazine (2) Parathion (3) Phorate (4) Malathion

13. In a cell, sites of protein synthesis are:
(1) Chioroplast (2) Ribosomes (3) Plastids (4) Leucoplast

14. Brassica triangle for the development of tetraploid species of mustard was
proposed by :
(1) Kihara (2) Sears (3) Nagaharu U (4) Blakeslee
15. Due to apomictic nature of crop Mendel could not prove his findings on :
(1) Plum (2) Peach (3) Garden Pea (4) Hawk-weed
16. Who first of all gave the cytological proof of crossing over in Drosophila?
(1) Bateson (2) Bridges (3) Muller (4) Curt Stern
'7. Criss-cross inheritance was first reported by :
(1) Morgan (2) Bridges (3) Muller (4) Wilson
18. The intra-allelic interaction resulted:
(1) Epistasis (2) Dominance
(3) Additive (4) Environmental variance
19. The triplet code for cadons represented as:
(1) (4)' (2) (4)' (3) (4)3 (4) (4)'
20. National Research Centre for groundnut is located at :
(1) Bharatpur (2) Kanpur (3) Junagarh (4) Akola
21. The basic idea of multiple factor hypothesis was originally given by :
(1) Nilsson-Ehle (2) Yule (3) Johanssen (4) Galton
22. Colchicine disturbs:
(1) Formation of spindle fibre (2) DNA replication
(3) Cytokinesis (4) Formation of cell plate

Interesting information on agriculture

● When and why is 'Farmer's Day' celebrated every year in the country? 
: - December 23, on the birthday of former Prime Minister Late Chaudhary Charan Singh, who is called the Messiah of the Farmers

● Who is the Rabi crop? 
: - This crop is sown in October-November. It is cut in March-April. Such as wheat, barley, gram, peas, mustard, potato, mustard etc.

● What is the kharif crop called? 
: - This crop is sown in June-July and is cut in November-December. Paddy, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton, maize, sesame, jowar, millet etc.

● Who is the cash crop called? 
: - The crop which is done by farmers for the purpose of business. Such as cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, jute etc.

● What does the word zaid crop mean? : - It is sown in May-June and is cut in July-August. Like-rye, urad, moong, watermelon, melon, cucumber, cucumber etc.

● What is zoom farming? : - In this, the land is cleared by cutting forests. After this land is cultivated. After a few days, the land is abandoned after the fertility is over. This kind of cultivation is done in the states of the Northeast

Name of Agricultural Methods: -

Sericulture - silkworm rearing

Epiculture - Beekeeping

Pisciculture - fisheries

Floriculture - Flowers Production

Viticulture - grape cultivation

Vermiculture - earthworm rearing

Pomoculture - production of fruits

Olereculture - Production of Vegetables

Horticulture - Horticulture

Aeroportic - Planting Plants in the Wind

Hydroponics - Planting Plants in Water

Agricultural Revolution: - 

Green Revolution - Food Production

White Revolution - Milk Production

Blue Revolution - Fisheries Production

Brown Revolution - Fertilizer Production

Silver Revolution - egg production

Yellow Revolution - Oilseeds Production

Krishna Revolution - Biodiesel Production

Red Revolution - Tomato / Meat Production

Pink Revolution - Shrimp Production

Badami Revolution - Massa Production

Gold Revolution - Fruit Production

Amrit Revolution - River Joint Projects

Agriculture of India: - 

India's agriculture depends on the most - on rain

The crop that sows in October and is cut in April, what is called - Rabi crop

The crop that sows in July and is cut in October, which crop is it - the paddy crop

The crop that is prepared between Rabi and Kharif crops, which is it - the zayed crop

What are the crops of kharif - Jowar, millet, maize, rice, sesame etc.

What are the rabi crops - wheat, gram, barley, peas, mustard, potato etc.

What are the zayed crops - melon, cucumber cucumbers etc.

What are the cash crops - Rice

Which area is called 'the bowl of rice' - the field of Krishna and Godavari

What is the state which produces the most food grains of India - Uttar Pradesh

Which crops are grown in India? Paddy

Who is the father of the Green Revolution? -1967-68 AD

Who is the father of the Green Revolution - Dr. M. S. Swaminathan

What was the main purpose of Green Revolution - bringing self-reliance in food production

Green Revolution was most useful on which crop - wheat and rice

Which state is called 'Grain Reserve of India' - Punjab

What is the place of India in vegetable production - second

What is the place of India in the production of fruits - second

What is the relation between the 'drain revolution' - from fisheries industry

The 'White Revolution' is related to which industry - from milk production

The 'golden revolution' is related to which crop - from the production of bogwani and honey

'Gol Revolution' was played for - for the production of potatoes

Which revolution is not related to - Krishna Revolution

What is the pink revolution related to - shrimp production

In India, the percentage of total working population is in agriculture - 64.5%

Which crops are grown in the hill areas of Nilgiris - coffee

Where is the National Juicy Fruit Research Center - Nagpur

Which city is famous for cultivating grapes - Nasik

Which of the states is peanuts grown in India? In Gujarat

Which state is most produced in rice- West Bengal

Which state of India does not have wheat cultivation- Tamil Nadu

Which time harvesting and sowing takes the most time - Sugarcane

When the oilseed technology mission was established-in 1986

What is the world's location in India's fertilizer production - third

Currently the contribution of agriculture and allied sectors to India's gross domestic product - 13.67%

The average percentage of grain in peanuts is -70%

Where is the Central Arid Land Farming Research Institute - Hyderabad

What season is cultivated in maize - in Kharif season

Who is credited with bringing white revolution in milk production - Dr. Verghese Kurien

What is the location of India in milk production?

Where is the best tea produced in India? Darjeeling

Which crop requires excessive water but not deposits - tea

Which is the largest producing state of cashew-Kerala

What are the fiber crops - cotton, jute, flax etc.

Where is the import of long fiber cotton in India primarily - United States

Which state of India is the largest in pulses production - Rajasthan

What is the state of producing clean aquatic fish - Pt. Bengal

Which of the world does India in tobacco production - third

Which is the largest area of ​​India's jute - West Bengal

Which is India's largest soybean producing state - Madhya Pradesh

What is the world's position in coconut production - the first

As a result of the Green Revolution, whose productivity decreased in total food grains in the country - pulses and fat grains

Which is the best crop for dry land - Peanut

What is Jhoom - One Way of Agriculture

Jute is cultivated on a large scale in the river area - in the Hooghly river area

Where is the largest amount of saffron in Kashmir?

Which is the first state to give status of industry to agriculture - Maharashtra

Which committee has proposed to levy tax on agricultural land - Raj Committee

What percentage of the total area of ​​India is cultivated? 51 percent

In India, on what percentage is there a pasture? 4 percent

What is the percentage of land full of forest? 21 percent

What is the percentage of land in wastelands and unused land in India? 24 percent

What percentage of the total agricultural land in the country is cultivated on wheat?15 percent

Which crop affected most of the Green Revolution? Rice and wheat

Who goes to the credit of bringing green revolution in India? Dr. MS Swaminathan

When did the Green Revolution begin in India? 1967-1968 AD

When was the establishment of the oilseed technology mission? 1986 AD

How much India is self-reliant in the case of urea? 100 percent

Which fertilizer imports India completely?Potassium

Who is the only producer state of saffron?Jammu and Kashmir

Where is the largest silk in India?Karnataka

Which is the best of India in Natural Rubber? Kerala (fourth place in the world)

Nasik is famous for whose cultivation?grapes

Which place is famous for the production of quite a lot? Karg (hill of Nilgiris)

Where is the National Juicy Fruit Research Center located? Nagpur

What are the most tobacco-producing states? Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu

India is the world's first place in which production? Mango, lemon, lemon, banana, coconut, black pepper, ginger, turmeric.

Which is the place of India in the world of vegetables and fruits? India (first place is China).

Which country is the country after China in the production of rice in the world?India

Crop & Production State: - 

Rice - p. Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab

Wheat - Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan

Jowar - Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh

Pulses - Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, P.Bengal, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh

Bajra - Gujarat, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh

Barley - Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and Punjab

Oilseeds - Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, p. Bengal and Orissa

Mungfli - Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh

Sugarcane - Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Haryana and Punjab

Kaavah - Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra

Tea - Assam, p. Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra

Patasan - P. Bengal, Bihar, Asom, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh

Cotton - Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Karnataka, Haryana, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh

Rubber - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Asom and Andaman-Nicobar Islands

Tobacco - Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. Bengal

Black Pepper - Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Puducherry

Turmeric - Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Bihar

Cashews - Kerala, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh

Irrigation in India: - 

What percentage of irrigated area is available on the percentage of pure sown area in India? 33 percent

How much is the pure sown area in India?1360 lakh hectare

Which of the largest irrigation is currently in India? Well and tube well

What percentage is stored in the canals in the country? 31.4 percent

What percentage of irrigation is done by wells and tube wells in the country? 55.9 percent

Where are the most tube wells and pumpsets? Tamil Nadu (second place is Maharashtra)

Which is the most concentrated state of tube wells? Uttar Pradesh

Which state is the first place in terms of irrigation with a pond? Tamil Nadu

Which state has the largest portion of the total cumulative area in the country by the canals? Uttar Pradesh

Which state is such that where all the tools are used for irrigation? Andra Pradesh

Which state has the highest accumulated land in the total agricultural land? Punjab (94.70%)

Muds of India: -

What is the main basis of any country's agriculture - the soil of that country

How many types of soil are found in India - 8

What is the most important soil of India-the alluvial soil

The new alluvial soil is known by other names - Khadar Mitti

Potash is the highest in which soil - in alluvial soil

What is the second name of black soil - red soil

Black soil is most useful for the crop - cotton

The 'red color' of red clay is caused by - due to the iron oxide

Iron and silica are most commonly found in which soil - latrite soil

What is the most suitable soil for tea cultivation - Latrite soil

How many percent of all the parts of India are alluvial soil - 24%

Which soil is formed from the flow of lava - black soils

Which soil is rich in organic matter-black soil

Which soil is formed by the fragmentation of basalt rock - black soil

Which soil does not require irrigation for agriculture - black soil

Where is the expansion of Lala dirt in India - Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu

In which soil the iron and aluminum particles are found - in the latrite soil

Which soil is suitable for paddy cultivation - loam soil

How to prevent soil erosion - by planting forest

Which state is most commonly known as Reigurd soil - in Maharashtra

What type of soil is gypsum used to make it fertile - acidic soil

What type of matter does the excess of organic matter - in black soil

Which state of India has inland salable wet land - in Rajasthan

What is the name of Laturite soil by others?

What is known as black cotton soil?

Where is the highest latrine soil - in Mulbar coastal regions

Which soil is formed by granite and Nice rocks - red clay

Which type of soil requires the lowest fertilizer - alluvial soil

What kind of soil is found in the northern plains of India - alluvial soil

Which soil has the highest area in peninsular India - Black soil

The old alluvial soil is known by what other name - Bangar

How far below the surface of the soil alluvial soil in the Ganges - 600 meters

Who is responsible for the construction of latrite soil - up elasticity and capillary action

When the soil becomes dry and wet when dry, it becomes wrapped like curd - latrite soil

Soil study is called - Soil Science

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has divided the number of sections - in 8 classes

World Agriculture: - 

Who introduced the agricultural states of the world - D. Hitelsi

How much of the world's total surface area is engaged in agricultural work - 11%

The principle of von thüenen is based on - on the comparative advantage

What is the world's largest wheat exporter country - Argentina

The ideal temperature for wheat crop is - 15 ° -20 ° C

Which crops are grown in winter season in the delta region of Nile - wheat

Related to agriculture of wheat - steppe

Which climate is most suitable for wheat cultivation - temperate

How much of the North Gorla world grows wheat - 90%

Which river valley is famous for rice in Italy - Po River valley

Which soil is related to the cultivation of wheat - from Cheranozam

Which crop is needed for irrigation - to rice

Which soil is most suitable for paddy cultivation - Smooth Soil

Where is the Belt of Mecca found in the world - America

Where was the first cultivation of corn - in Central America

In which island sugarcane cultivation is best - in the Hawaiian Islands

Which country is ahead of tea exports? Kenya

World famous 'Vulnerable variety tea' is born in which country - Taiwan

What is yarava - a tea-like shrub in Paraguay

What is the appropriate climate for tea cultivation? Monsoon

What is 'fajda' - kavah garden

Which country is the world's largest producer of coffee - Brazil

Where is the world's largest cotton cultivation - in China

What is the largest rubber producing country in the world - Thailand

Which is the world's first country in milk production - India

Which country is the largest producer of transgenic crops - China

Which valley is famous for the cultivation of opium - the valley of Izmir

Which place is India's place in jute production?

What is called intensive agriculture of fruits, flowers and vegetables done in the outer part of metropolitan cities - Barhar agriculture

Where is the most intense cultivation-in Japan

Where is the development of gardening agriculture in the world - in South East Asia

Where did the transferable agriculture originate from Thailand?

India is the best producer and consumer - of tea

Indian cotton is of a different kind - small fibers

Which is the most jute producing area in the world - Deltaai Ground of Ganga-Brahmaputra

How to keep silk worms at the trading level for silk production - Sericller

What is called the commercial agriculture of vegetables spreading on the land - Olary Culture

Why cotton is not lost in equatorial regions - due to excessive rainfall

What type of human economic activity is agriculture - primary

Who is considered the most exquisite taste in the world - say Mocha

In which country is olive groves? In France

What is mixed agriculture - crop production and animal husbandry on the same farm

The field of intensive agriculture is related to Canada - from Canada

What is the second name of truck farming - marketing horticulture

Man-made grains - Tritic

Whose species is 'Ashmouni' - of cotton

Which crops are grown in lava-made plains of the world? Cotton

Information is good so you also ask friends to share that

11:35 pm at Raju Kashyap